Fertilization. Starting at least one season after planting, some trees may benefit from an annual fertilizing program. A local expert may be able to judge from leaf and soil samples what nutrients may be deficient. Requirements vary by species and site, but one rule is not to use fertilizer containing lawn herbicides. A mix that includes four parts nitrogen to one part of each of phosphorus and potassium has been recommended for deciduous trees, and equal amounts of these three ingredients for needle-leaf evergreens. The idea is to distribute the fertilizer over the whole spread-out root system.
Disease and pest control. Here is perhaps the most difficult aspect of maintenance: diagnosis of disease and infestation problems, some of which are transient, some treatable, and some incurable. While certain species reliably get certain problems. Leaf disease and leaf pest are usually the least catastrophic, except on needle-leaf evergreens. Most broad-leaved trees can survive an early defoliation in one year, but not repeated ones. Diseases of the roots, stem and conductive systems are as grave as they are heartbreaking to see, because often by the time symptoms appear to the layperson, the problem is irreversible.
Unhealthy Tree
Statistically speaking, most species of trees can live to a ripe old age. Its health depends on the stability of the forest ecosystem. It's better if temperature, moisture and light conditions don't change abruptly, because trees react extremely slowly. But even when all the external conditions are optimal, insects, fungi, bacteria, and viruses are always lurking, waiting for the chance to strike. That usually happens only when a tree gets out of balance. Under normal circumstances, a tree carefully apportions its energy. The largest portion is used for daily living: the tree has to breathe, "digest" its food, supply it fungal allies with sugar, and grow a bit every day. Then the tree has to keep hidden reserves of energy on the hand to fight off pest.
These secrets reserves can be activated at any time, and depending on the tree species, they contain a selection of defensive compounds produced by the tree. These so-called phytoncides have antibiotic properties, and there has been some impressive research done on them. If the carefully calibrated balance of energy for growth and defense gets thrown out of alignment, then a tree might get sick. This can happen, for example, when a neighboring tree dies. Suddenly, the crown gets more light, and now what the tree want more than anything is more photosynthesis. That makes sense because a chance like this comes along only about once every hundred years. The tree, finding itself suddenly bathed in sunlight, forgets about everything else and focuses exclusively on growing branches. It has no option really, because its surrounding cohort is doing the same thing, which means that the gap in the canopy will close again in about twenty years, which, if your a tree, that means you don't have much time.
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